未来の記憶

《Horn》

Scaler implicature 「梯級隱涵」

Griceのquantity maximから発展した

① Be listed from the highest to the lowest value.

② When any form in a scale is asserted,

　  the negative of all forms higher on the scale is implicated.

③ There are many scalar implicatures produced by the use of expressions that

    we may not immediately consider to be part of any scale.

④ Cancellabilty

Particularized conversational implicature

違反合作原則某項準則所產生的含義，是根據特定的時間地點和人物而做出的一種推斷。

換句話說，就是利用違反準則讓聽著推導出話中含義。

　Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight?

　Tom: My parents are visiting.

　→　違反relevance

       Implicature: consequently +> Tom not at party

　Ann: Where are you going with the dog?

  Sam: To the V-E-T.

  → 違反manner

      Implicature: He don't want the dog to know the answer to the question just said.

 Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy?

 Mary: Let's go get some coffee.

　→ 違反relevance

      Implicature: The boss may be nearby.

Properties of conversational implicature

① Be calculated

   You have won five dollars! (+>ONLY five)

② Be suspended

   You've won AT LEAST five dollars!

③ Be cancelled

   You've won five dollars, in fact, you've won ten!

④ Be reinforced

   You've won five dollars, that's four more than one!

Conventional implicatures

「約定的義蘊」

指一個句子藉詞語或句子形式的約定用法而傳達的、在語義內容以外的、與真值無關的意義，如態度、預設等。

『But』　　　→ be contrasted

『Even』   → contrary to expectation

『Yet』      → be expected to be different or opposite, at a later time.

                  NOT P is ture +> P expected to be ture later.

『And』     → P plus Q (can be reversed with little difference in meaning.)

              → Q after P (there is a big change in meaning if they are reversed.)