《Grice》

Implicature  「隱涵」=言外之意

        A hamburger is a hamburger.

    ただのtautologies(同語反覆)ではなく、

    It is an additional conveyed meaningといったimplicatureである。

 

Cooperative Principle  「合作原則」

  ①Quantity maxims

   所說的話應當包含當前交談目的所需的information。

   所說的話不應包含超出需要的information。

  ②Quality maxims

   不說自知是虛假的話。

   不說缺乏足夠證據的話。(lack of adequate evidence)

    ③Relation Be relevant

   說話要切題,不說與主題無關的話。

  ④Manner Be perspicuous

   避免曖昧。(avoid obscurity)

   避免歧義。(avoid ambguity)

   簡潔。(brief)

   有條理。(orderly)

  

Hedges 「模糊限制語」

①quality hedges

 a. As far as I know,...

 b. I may be mistaken, but...

 c. I'm not sure if this is right, but...

 d. He couldn't live without her, I guess.

沒有改變內容的真實條件,但削弱肯定語氣。

②quantityb hedges

  a. As you probably know,...

  b. So, to cut a long story short,...

  c. I won't bore you with all the details,...

提醒聽者內容的有限度,需要自己去判斷什麼是所需的資訊。

③relation hedges

  a. I don't konw if this is important, but...

  b. This may sound like a dumb quertion, but...

  c. Not to change the subject, but...

表示話題轉換的限制語,使兩個話題產生關聯,語言交際得以順利進行。

④manner hedges

  a. This may be a bit confused, but...

  b. I'm not sure if this makes sense, bit...

  c. I don't know if this is clear at all, but...

話者意識到其說話內容無意中會讓聽者產生歧義時使用。

※總結

They say smoking damages your health (Quality)
All I know is smoking damages your health (Quantity)
The point is that smoking damages your health (Relevance)
Put plainly, smoking damages your health (Manner)

Coversational implicature 「會話涵義」

   Charlene: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese.

   Dexter:    Ah, I brought the bread.

違反Quantity maxims。

 

合作原則解釋了話語的字面意義與實際意義之間的關係,

但人們常常違反合作原則,以含蓄間接的方式表達思想,進行交流。

強調由語言外部,以語境為基礎,探討話語表達的弦外之音

 

Generalized conversational implicature

一般會話含義

No special knowleges is required in the context to calculate the additional converyed meaning.

在言語交際過程中,某詞彙除了字面意義以外,還帶有僅在語言使用過程中顯現出的某種隱含意義。

 I was sitting in a garden one day. A child looled over the fence.

  『an X +> not speaker's X』

  

particularized conversational implicature

在言語交際過程中,表達者明顯且刻意的違反「合作原則」,迫使聽者由其話語中推敲言外之意。

 

 

 

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